Converting Chart

 

mm	cm	m	km
12000mm	1200cm	12m	0.012km
5000	500cm	5m	0.005km
1200000mm	120000cm	1200m	1.2km
326mm	32.6cm	0.326m	0.000326km
1200mm	120cm	1.2m	0.012km

Basic tools in Woodwork

 Carpenter Pencil: 

• Identify- 
  
• Describe- The pencil is thick but flat.
• Explain- It is used to mark out your work.

Marking Gauge:

Identify- 

Describe- There is a long piece of wood with a nail in it and then there is a square shaped piece of wood attached around the long piece and there is a handle to tighten or loosen it.

Explain- A marking gauge is used in woodworking to mark out lines for cutting.

Combination Square:

Identify-    

Describe- It's a ruler with a bubble level.

Sliding Bevel:

Explain- A combination square is a multi-purpose measuring and marking tool used in metalworking.

Sliding Bevel:

Identity-  

Describe- There is a piece of wood with a metal part.

Explain- A sliding bevel, also known as a bevel gauge or false square is an adjustable gauge for setting and transferring angles.

Woodworkers set square:

Identify-   

Describe- It's a piece of wood with a metal piece shaped like a ruler and the metal is attached to the wood.

Explain- The set square is one of the most important tools used in making furniture. It is used for marking out right angles before any joint is cut.

Parts of a tree

            3 main parts of the tree

Trunk: The trunk is the part of a tree that connects the leafy crown with its roots. ... This allows the leaves to obtain water and nutrients that are necessary for the manufacture of food from light energy.

Roots: The root system of a tree performs many vital functions. In winter, it is a store-house for esseqntial food reserves needed by the tree to produce spring foliage.

Crown: Major functions of the crown include light energy assimilation, carbon dioxide absorption and release of oxygen.

The insides of a tree

Bark: Bark provides many functions for trees. Bark plays an essential role in transporting photosynthetic products in plant tissues. Bark is also crucial to the mechanics of the stem. Bark is involved in defense against herbivory, protects against fire, and provides insulation in cold conditions.

Cambium: The vascular cambium and cork cambium are secondary meristems that are formed in stems and roots after the tissues of the primary plant body have differentiated. The vascular cambium is responsible for increasing the diameter of stems and roots and for forming woody tissue. The cork cambium produces some of the bark.

Sapwood: Sapwood, also called alburnum, outer, living layers of the secondary wood of trees, which engage in transport of water and minerals to the crown of the tree. The cells therefore contain more water and lack the deposits of darkly staining chemical substances commonly found in heartwood

Heartwood: The heartwood functions as long-term storage of biochemicals, which vary from species to species. These chemicals are known collectively as extractives.

Pith: Pith, or medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. Pith is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant.

How are trees turned into timber?

The trees are usually cut into smaller lengths on-site and then picked up by a timber lorry, which transports the timber to a processing site, such as a sawmill, paper mill, pallet, fencing or construction producer. At the chosen site, the logs are debarked and bucked, or cut to the required length. 

Different types of cuts

Quarter Sawn

Rift Sawn

Live Sawn

Plain Sawn

Defects in timber

• Wind cracks

• Shakes

• Twisted fibers

• Upsets

• Rind galls

• Burls

• Water stain

• Chemical stain

Timber used in New Zealand

While rimu was still available, other indigenous timbers such as matai (matai: New Zealand native timber (black pine) often used for flooring and occasionally for weatherboards.), miro, totara (totara: New Zealand native timber, used for flooring, window joinery and shingles, especially in Wellington.), kahikatea, tawa.

Converting millimetres to centimetres, centimetres to metres and millimetres to metres

 To convert millimetres to centimetres you have to divide by ten and move one space to the left. 

To convert centimetres to metres you have to divide by one hundred and move two spaces to the left. 

To convert millimetres to metres you have to divide by one thousand and then move three spaces to the left.

How to convert millimetres into metres

To convert millimetres into metres you have to use division. What you do is you move three places to the left.  For example, you might get a maths problem and it might say 4800 mm and you have to convert it into metres. You will have to move three spaces from the right to the left and then put your decimal point down and your answer should be 4.8m.